Biosolids Generation, Use, and Disposal in the United States

The purpose of this report is to broaden the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) series of solid waste studies by quantifying the amount of biosolids managed by municipal solid waste (MSW) facilities. Biosolids are the byproduct of municipal wastewater treatment and also are known as sewage sludge. This report focuses on biosolids generated by publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) and the subsequent management practices used by POTWs for treating and then recycling or disposing of biosolids. The quantity of biosolids processed by POTWs and the treatment methods they select are likely to affect MSW decision-makers regarding their involvement in biosolids management. EPA hopes to support MSW operators and state and local solid waste decision-makers in developing coordinated biosolids management programs with local POTWs and other generators to encourage the cost-effective, beneficial use of biosolids. In beneficial use, biosolids are used for their soil-conditioning and nutrient-containing properties. This report also examines the advantages to MSW oeprators of using biosolids in composting operations for land application and sale to the public.